1 Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems

1.1 Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications

1.2 Mobile Radiotelephone in the U.S

1.3 Mobile Badio Systems Around the World

1.4 Examples of Mobile Radio Systems

1.4.1 Paging Systems

1.4.2 Cordless Telephone Systems

1.4.3 Cellular Telephone Systems

1.4.4 Comparison of Common Mobile Radio Systems

1.5 Trends in Cellular Radio and Personal Communications

1.6 Problems

2 The Cellular Concept-System Design Fundamentals

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Frequency Reuse

2.3 Channel Assignment Strategies

2.4 Handoff Strategies

2.4.1 Prioritizing Handoffs

2.4.2 Practical Handoff Considerations

2.5 Interference and System Capacity

2.5.1 Co-channel Interference and System Capacity

2.5.2 Adjacent Channel Interference

2.5.3 Power Control for Reducing Interference

2.6 Trunking and Grade of Service

2.7 Improving Capacity in Cellular Systems

2.7.1 Cell Splitting

2.7.2 Sectoring

2.7.3 A Novel Microcell Zone Concept

2.8 Summary

2.9 Problems

3 Mobile Radio Propagation:Large-Scale Path Loss

3.1 Introduction to Radio Wave Propagation

3.2 Free Space Propagation Model

3.3 Relating Power to Electric Field

3.4 The Three Basic Propagation Mechanisms

3.5 Reflection

3.5.1 Reflection from Dielectrics

3.5.2 Brewster Angle

3.5.3 Reflection from Perfect Conductors

3.6 Ground Reflection(2-ray)Model

3.7 Diffraction

3.7.1 Fresnel Zone Geometry

3.7.2 Knife-edge Diffraction Model

3.7.3 Multiple Knife-edge Diffraction

3.8 Scattering

3.8.1 Radar Cross Section Model

3.9 Practical Link Budget Design using Path Loss Models

3.9.1 Log-distance Path Loss Model

3.9.2 Log-normal Shadowing

3.9.3 Determination of Percentage of Coverage Area

3.10 Outdoor Propagation Models

3.10.1 Longley-Rice Model

3.10.2 Durkin s Model-A Case Study

3.10.3 Okumura Model

3.10.4 Hata Model

3.10.5 PCS Extension to Hata Model

3.10.6 Walfisch and Bertoni Model

3.10.7 Wideband PCS Microcell Model

3.11 Indoor Propagation Models

3.11.1 Partition Losses(same floor)

3.11.2 Partition Losses between Floors

3.11.3 Log-distance Path Loss Model

3.11.4 Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint Model

3.11.5 Attenuation Factor Model

3.12 Signal Penetration into Buildings

3.13 Ray Tracing and Site Specific Modeling

3.14 Problems

4 Mobile Radio Propagation:Small-Scale Fading and Multipath

4.1 Small-Scale Multipath Propagation

4.1.1 Factors Influencing Small-Scale Fading

4.1.2 Doppler Shift

4.2 Impulse Response Model of a Multipath Channel

4.2.1 Relationship Between Bandwidth and Received Power

4.3 Small-Scale Multipath Measurements

4.3.1 Direct RF Pulse System

4.3.2 Spread Spectrum Sliding Correlator Channel Sounding

4.3.3 Frequency Domain Channel Sounding

4.4 Parameters of Mobile Multipath Channels

4.4.1 Time Dispersion Parameters

4.4.2 Coherence Bandwidth

4.4.3 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time

4.5 Types of Small-Scale Fading

4.5.1 Fading Effects Due to Multipath Time Delay Spread

4.5.2 Fading Effects Due to Doppler Spread

4.6 Rayleigh and Ricean Distributions

4.6.1 Rayleigh Fading Distribution

4.6.2 Ricean Fading Distribution

4.7 Statistical Models for Multipath Fading Channels

4.7.1 Clarke s Model for Flat Fading

4.7.2 Simulation of Clarke and Gans Fading Model

4.7.3 Level Crossing and Fading Statistics

4.7.4 Two-ray Rayleigh Fading Model

4.7.5 Saleh and Valenzuela Indoor Statistical Model

4.7.6 SIRCIM and SMRCIM Indoor and Outdoor Statistical Models

4.8 Problems

5 Modulation TEchniques for Mobile Radio

5.1 Frequency Modulation vs.Amplitude Modulation

5.2 Amplitude Modulation

5.2.1 Single Sideband AM

5.2.2 Pilot Tone SSB

5.2.3 Demodulation of AM signals

5.3 Angle Modulation

5.3.1 Spectra and Bandwidth of FM Signals

5.3.2 FM Modulation Methods

5.3.3 FM Detection Techniques

5.3.4 Tradeoff Between SNR and Bandwidth in an FM Signal

5.4 Digital Modulation--an Overview

5.4.1 Factors That Influence the Choice of Digital Modulation

5.4.2 Bandwidth and Power Spectral Density of Digital Signals

5.4.3 Line Coding

5.5 Pulse Shaping Techniques

5.5.1 Nyquist Criterion for ISI Cancellation

5.5.2 Raised Cosine Rolloff Filter

5.5.3 Gausssian Pulse-shaping Filter

5.6 Geometric Representation of Modulation Signals

5.7 Linear Modulation Techniques

5.7.1 Binary Phase Shift Keying(BPSK)

5.7.2 Differential Phase Shift Keying(DPSK)

5.7.3 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying(QPSK)

5.7.4 QPSK Transmission and Detection Techniques

5.7.5 Offset QPSK

5.7.6 π/4QPSK

5.7.7 π/4 QPSK Transmission Techniques

5.7.8 π/4 QPSK Detection Techniques

5.8 Constant Envelope Modulation

5.8.1 Binary Frequency Shift Keying

5.8.2 Minimum Shift Keying(MSK)

5.8.3 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying(GMSK)

5.9 Combined Linear and Constant Envelope Modulation Techniques

5.9.1 M-ary Phase Shift Keying(MPSK)

5.9.2 M-ary Quadrature Amphtude Modulation(QAM)

5.9.3 M-ary Frequency Shift Keying(MFSK)

5.10 Spread Spectrum Modulation Techniques

5.10.1 Pseudo-noise(PN) Sequenes

5.10.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrom(DS-SS)

5.10.3 Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum(FH-SS)

5.10.4 Performance of Direct Sequence Spread Speetrum

5.10.5 Performance of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

5.11 Modulation Performance in Fading and Mulitpath Channels

5.11.1 Performance of Digital Modulation in Slow,Flat Fading Channels

5.11.2 Digital Modulation in Frequency Selective Mobile Channels

5.11.3 Performance of π/4 DQPSK in Fading and Interterence

5.12 Problems

6 Equalization,Diversity,and Channel Coding

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Fundamentals of Equalization

6.3 A Generic Adaptive Equalizer

6.4 Equalizers in a Communications Receiver

6.5 Survey of Equalization Techniques

6.6 Linear Equalizers

6.7 Nonlinear Equalization

6.7.1 Decision Feedback Equalization(DFE)

6.7.2 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation(MLSE)Equalizer

6.8 Algorithms for Adaptive Equalization

6.8.1 Zero Forcing Algorithm

6.8.2 Least Mean Square Algorithm

6.8.3 Recursive Least Squares Algorithm

6.8.4 Summary of Algorithms

6.9 Fractionally Spaced Equalizers

6.10 Diversity Techniques

6.10.1 Derivation of Selection Diversity Improvement

6.10.2 Derivation of Maximal Ratio Combining Improvement

6.10.3 Practical Space Diversity Considerations

6.10.4 Polarization Diversity

6.10.5 Frequency Diversity

6.10.6 Time Diversity

6.11 RAKE Receiver

6.12 Interleaving

6.13 Fundamentals of Channel Coding

6.14 Block Cooes

6.14.1 Examples of Block Codes

6.14.2 Case Study of Reed-Solomon Codes

6.15 Convolutional Codes

6.15.1 Decoding of Convolutional Codes

6.16 Coding Gain

6.17 Trellis Coded Modulation

6.18 Problems

7 Speech Coding

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Characteristics of Speech Signals

7.3 Quantization Techniques

7.3.1 Uniform Quantization

7.3.2 Nonuniform Quantization

7.3.3 Adaptive Quantization

7.3.4 Vector Quantization

7.4 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation

7.5 Frequency Domain Coding of Speech

7.5.1 Sub-band Coding

7.5.2 Adaptive Transform Coding

7.6 Vocoders

7.6.1 Channel Vocoders

7.6.2 Formant Vocoders

7.6.3 Cepstrum Vocoders

7.6.4 Voice-Excited Vocoder

7.7 Linear Predictive Coders

7.7.1 LPC-Vocoders

7.7.2 Multi-Pulse Excited LPC

7.7.3 Code-Excited LPC

7.7.4 Residual Excited LPC

7.8 Choosing Speech Codecs for Mobile Communications

7.9 The GSM COdec

7.10 The USDC Codec

7.11 Performance Evaluation of Speech Coders

7.12 Problems

8 Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications

8.1 Introduction

8.1.1 Introduction to Multiple Access

8.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access(FDMA)

8.3 Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA)

8.4 Spread Spectrum Multiple Access

8.4.1 Frequency Hopped Multiple Access(FHMA)

8.4.2 Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA)

8.4.3 Hybrid Spread Spectrum Techniques

8.5 Space Division Multiple Access(SDMA)

8.6 Packet Radio

8.6.1 Packet Radio Protocols

8.6.2 Carrier Sense Multiple Access(CSMA) Protocols

8.6.3 Reservation Protocols

8.6.4 Capture Effect in Packet Radio

8.7 Capacity of Cellular Systems

8.7.1 Capacity of Cellular CDMA

8.7.2 Capacity of CDMA with Multiple Cells

8.7.3 Capacity of Space Division Multiple Access

8.8 Problems

9 Wireless Networking

9.1 Introduction to Wireless Networks

9.2 Differences Between Wireless and Fixed Telephone Networks

9.2.1 The Public Switched Telephone Network(PSTN)

9.2.2 Limitations in Wireless Networking

9.2.3 Merging Wireless Networks and the PSTN

9.3 Development of Wireless Networks

9.3.1 First Generation Wireless Networks

9.3.2 Second Generation Wireless Networks

9.3.3 Third Generation Wireless Networks

9.4 Fixed Network Transmission Hierarchy

9.5 Traffic Routing in Wireless Networks

9.5.1 Circuit Switching

9.5.2 Packet Switching

9.5.3 The X.25 Protocol

9.6 Wireless Data Services

9.6.1 Cellular Digital Packet Data(CDPD)

9.6.2 Advanced Radio Data Information Systems(ARDIS)

9.6.3 RAM Mobile Data(RMD)

9.7 Common Channel Signaling(CCS)

9.7.1 The Distributed Central Switching Office for CCS

9.8 Integrated Services Digital Network(ISDN)

9.8.1 Broadband ISDN and ATM

9.9 Signaling System No.7(SS7)

9.9.1 Network Services Part(NSP)of SS7

9.9.2 The SS7 User Part

9.9.3 Signaling Traffic in SS7

9.9.4 SS7 Services

9.9.5 Performance of SS7

9.10 An example of SS7-Global Cellular Network Interoperability

9.11 Personal Communication Services/Networks(PCS/PCN)

9.11.1 Packet vs.Circuit switching for PCN

9.11.2 Cellular Packet-Switched Architecture

9.12 Protocols for Network Access

9.12.1 Packet Reservation Multiple Access(PRMA)

9.13 Network Databases

9.13.1 Distributed Database for Mobility Management

9.14 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System(UMTS)

9.15 Summary

10 Wireless Systems and Standards

10.1 AMPS and ETACS

10.1.1 AMPS and ETACS System Overview

10.1.2 Call Handling in AMPS and ETACS

10.1.3 AMPS and ETACS Air Interface

10.1.4 N-AMPS

10.2 United States Digital Cellular(IS-54)

10.2.1 USDC Radio Interface

10.2.2 United States Digital Cellular Derivatives(IS-94 and IS-136)

10.3 Global System for Mobile(GSM)

10.3.1 GSM Services and Features

10.3.2 GSM System Architecture

10.3.3 GSM Radio Subsystem

10.3.4 GSM Channel Types

10.3.5 Example of a GSM Call

10.3.6 Frame Structure for GSM

10.3.7 Signal Processing in GSM

10.4 CDMA Digital Cellular Standard(IS-95)

10.4.1 Frequency and Channel Specifications

10.4.2 Forward CDMA Channel

10.4.3 Reverse CDMA Channel

10.4.4 IS-95 with 14.4 kbps Speech Coder[ANS95]

10.5 CT2 Standard For Cordless Telephones

10.5.1 CT2 Services and Features

10.5.2 The CT2 Standard

10.6 Digital European Cordless Telephone(DECT)

10.6.1 Features and Characteristics

10.6.2 DECT Architecture

10.6.3 DECT Functional Concept

10.6.4 DECT Radio Link

10.7 PACS- Personal Access Communication Systems

10.7.1 PACS System Architecture

10.7.2 PACS Radio Interface

10.8 Pacific Digital Cellular(PDC)

10.9 Personal Handyphone System(PHS)

10.10 U.S.PCS and ISM Bands

10.11 U.S.Wireless Cable Television

10.12 Summary of Standards Throughout the World

10.13 Problems

APPENDICES

A Trunking Theory

A.1 Erlang B

A.1.1 Derivation of Erlang B

A.2 Erlang C

A.2.1 Derivation of Erlang C

B Noise Figure Calculations for Link Budgets

C Gaussian Approximations for Spread Spectrum CDMA

C.1 The Gaussian Approximation

C.2 The Improved Gaussian Approximation(IGA)

C.3 A Simplified Expression for the Improved Gaussian Approximation(SEIGA)

D Q,erf&erfc Functions

D.1 The Q-Function

D.2 The erf and erfc functions

E Mathematical Tables

F Abbreviations and Acronyms

G References

Index